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t1 /05/2009, IsEan-bu1, Turkey subj ect: Th€ B1.ck Sea Biodiv€rslty and Landacape ConE€rvattoE Protocol and the Protocol oD ths Protectlo! o! th€ l{arlrre EnwiroDe€at of lbe Bllck sea flon Land-Bated Sources ald Actlvities To vhom i! may concern, This is !o notify you Ehat lhc B1ack Sea Biodiversi!y and Landscdpc Conserwatron Protocol u6s signed by Gcorgia and Ehc proEocoi on che protccEion of Lhe Harine EnwironmenE of the Black Sea trom Land-BaBecl Sourc.! and AcEivitica was adopt'd by con!rrcEing Parti.s during Ehe Mccring of Lhe l'liniaEers of E;vironmenr / DiplornaEi c conf.rence of Ehc conEracEing ParEles to Ehe Convention on the Proteclion of Ehe B]ack Sea Against PotluEi.on held on 1?ti of March, 2009 in sofia. The amendmenls tor both documenEs shaIl enEer into force 30 days afEer Ehe deposi!ary has received noEificaEions of accePEance of chese anendrnen!E from all Contrac!ing Par!ies. Kind re9ard6, Ahmet KideyE. ExecuEive Direclor. BSC Ps f e""i :11/06 /2a09 ' su.bjecE: To lrhom iE may concern/ ParEies - xind regards, AhneE Kideys, PS ExecuEive DirecEor ' BSC f"' cJ\ iqn 1- IsEanbul' Turkey

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Protocol on the Protection of the N{arine Environment of the Black Sea fronr Land-Based Sources and Activities Preamble Anicle I. Purpose of(hE Prolocol Al1icle 2. Definilions Anrclc 3- Scop€ ofApplrcalion Artrcle 4 General obligations Arliclc 5. Anicle 6 A(icle 7 Aniclc E. Arlicle 9. Aaicle l0 Mcasurcs of Implcm€ntation Arlicle I I Infornration and Da(a Colleclion, Moniroring and Assessmenl Article 12. Elrvironmcntal Impact Asscssmcnt Article 13. Article l4 Articlc | 5. Aniclc I6 Exchange of Information Comnron Guidelines and Standards Pollution fron Point Sources Pollution from DifTusc Sourccs Other Hamrful Aclivities Transboundary Pollulion and lmpacl Public Participalion Coopcration and Assislance Rcporting A(icle l7 Compliancc Article I8. Funding Anicle l9 Aniclc 20. Ariiclc 2l Arriclc 22 Aaiclc 23. Institulional Anangements Anicle 24 Final Clauses A[nex I Activities and Substances of Concern Anncx II. Difirsc Sources ofPollution from Agriculture and Forestry Annex IlI. Pollution Transported through the Atmosphcre Setllement ofDisputes Amcndmelts to lhis Prolocol Relation to Inlemational Agreemcnls Authorisation and Rcgulation of Emissions Bcsl Available Techniques and Best En\'ironnrental Praclice 6"=,. .l PEAxlxE it (, Lclfl^Rlr r . .- \O 11 \t -, 2 Prolocol on lhe Protcctior ofthc Marinc Environment ofth€ BIack Sclr From Land Based Sources and Aclivilics The Contracting Panics to thc present Prolocol, Being Pa(ies to thc Convcntion on the Prol€ction of lhe Black Sca Against Pollulron and its Protocol on the Proteclion of the Black Sca Marine Environrnenl Against Pollution fron Land Based Sources. adopted at Bucharest on 2l April 1992, Dclcrmined to inrplcmcnt the Convcnlion, and spccifically iB Aniclc VII, thc Odcssa Ministerial Declaration on lhc Prolcction oflhc Black Sea of 7 April 1991, and the Sofia Ministcrial Dcclaration on lhc Protcclion ofthe Black Sea ofJune 2002, and to fuflher strengthcn ard amplify the provisions ofthc Protocol on the Prolection ofthc Black Sea Marinc Environment Against Pollution from [^and Bascd Sources of 2l April 1992, RccoSnizing lhe importance of rclcvant measurcs provided for in the Slralegic Action Plan for rhe Rchabililalion and Protcclion of lhe Black Sea of 3l October 1996, Dcsiring to pursue lhe prolcclion and conservalion of lhc marinc cnvironmenl and coastal area5 and ralional use of natural rcsources of the Black Sea as an inlegral part of the process of sustaineblc devclopmcnl in the region, aimed al meettng the needs ofprcsenl and futura generations in an equttablc manner, Conscious of thc scrious dangcr poscd lo thc marinc cnYironmcnt and coaslal arcas, living resources and human hcalth by pollulion from land-bas€d sources and activitics, Rccognising that loads of nulricnts, cspecially cominB from the inflowin8 lransboundary rivers, which cause eulroPhicalion over widc areas of thc Black Sca, remain an issue ofparticular conccm to the Black Sea counlrics, Noting that norwithstanding ccrlain progress achievcd in redu€ing Pollution caused by cnrissions from land-based sources, exisling mcasures and effons al the local, national and regional levels need to bc furlher skenglhcned, Convinccd ofthe nced for enhanced coopcration with Slatcs and inlernatronal bodi€s conccrned u'ith lhc prolcction and rchabililation of (he rivErs drarning inlo the Black Sca and relevant lo lhc shte of its ecosyslem, Noting commitm.nls of thc Black Sea countries nadc uDder lhc Global Programmc ofAclion for lhc Proteclion oflhc Marine En!ironment frorn Land-Based Activilics, adopred in waihinglon, D C , on 3 Nolenlb€r 1995. Ha!e agrecd as folloNs: Articlc l. l'urpose oflhc Protl,col Thc purposc of lhis Protocol is to prevent. control and to the maximun) extenl possible eliminate pollulion from land-bascd sources and aclivities in order lo achieve and nraintain a good ecological sblus of the Black Sea. including ils nrarine and coastal ecoslslems- Ar(iclc 2. Dcfinitions For lhe purposcs ofthis Prolocol "Conv€ntion" mcans thc Convcntiorr on the Protec(ion of the Black Sea Against Pollulion, adopled at Bucharesl on 2l April 1992: "Commission" means the body refered to in Artrcle XVII ofthe Conventron; "Conrracting Party" means any Party to the Conv€ntion on the Protection of the Black Sca against Pollution that has become a party to this Protocol; "Besl available (echniques (BAT)' means the lalesl stage of development (state of the art) of processcs, facilities or mcthods of operation- which indicate the practical suitabili0, of a panicular mcasure for limiling errlissions and Nas(e. "Tcchniques" include borh the technology used and the way rn which the installalion is designed, built, marntained, operated and dismanLled; "Best environmental practice (BEP)" means the application of the most appropriate combination of environmcntal conlrol measures and stralegies; "Coastel arca" nrcans the pan of thc land aflected by lts proximiq' 10 the sea, and that part of the sea affected by its proximity to the land Ls lo the exlent lo which man's land-based aclivities have a nreasurable influence on wal€r chemistry and marine ecolo8yi "Harmful aclivity" n)cans any aclivity \a'hich is capable ofcausinB significan( adveEe cffcct on the enviroruDenl including effecls on human heallh and safelv, flora, faune, soil, air, watcr, climate, landscaPc and historical monuments or other physical struclurcs or lhe inleraclion among these factoB; th€y also include cffecls on the cullural heribge or socio-economic conditions resuhing from alterations to lhose factors; "Hot spol" rneans a limited and dcfinable local land arca, slretch of surface water or sp€cific aquifer llal is subject to excessive pollution and necessrtalcs priorrry anenlion in order lo prevcnt or rcduce the actual or polenlial adlerse rmpa.ls on human heahh. ecosl'stems or nalural resources and amenilies of economlc rmporlancc: "EnrissioD" Dleans any kind of drschargcs, emu€nls or releases of pollulirlg subslances inlo lhc water, air or soil; "Emission conlrols' arc contrcls rcquirrng a specific cmission limrlalion, for iltstance an emission limi( value, or olh€nvise specirying limils or condrtions or (hc effects, naturc or other characlerislics of an emissiorl or opcraling condilions rvhich affccl emissions; "Emission limil valucs" mesns thc mass. cxprcsscd ln terms ofcenain sPectfic parametcrs! conccntralion or lcvcl ofan cmission, which may not be excEed€d durinB any onc or morc pcriods of t,me Thc cmission limi( values for subslances shall normally aPPly al thc Point u'herc thc cnrissions leave the inslallalion, dilulion bcing disrcgardcd when delermininB them; "Envrronm€nEl quality standard" mesns the conccnlration of a particular pollutant or Sroup of pollutants in watcr. sedimcnt or biota. \\'hrch should not bc cxc€cded in ordcr lo protccl human hcalth and thc cnvironmcnt; "Environmcntal quality objcctivc" mcans a goal, which specifies a desirablc targcl for environmcntal qualD thal should be mel in some paflicular cnvironment. such &s a river, bcach or industrlal sitei "tand-bascd sourccs" mcans poin( a.nd diffusc sources on land from which subslances or cncr$/ rcach thc maritime area by water, through thc air, or dircclly from thc coasl: "Point sources" mcans sources of pollution wherc elhissions and releases are introduced into lhc cnvironment fiom any discernable' confined and discrete convcyance, including bul not limircd to PiPcs' outfalls, channcls, ditchcs, tunncts, conduits or wclls from which pollutanG are or may bc dischargcd; "Dimrse sourccs" means sources of pollutioo, othcr than poinl sources, from which substanccs cnler the environment as a result of land run-off, preciprlation- atmosphcric deposition. dtainag€, seepage or by h)drologic modifi calion or dcstruclion of habitals Article 3. Scope ofApPlication Pursuant to Aniclc VII ofthc Convcntion and wilh thc objective to Protect and prcscrvc: a) The mtine environmcnt ofthe Black Sea, b) Coastal aress ofthc Black Sea, including brackish watcrs, coastal l^'atcrs' lnarshes, and coastal lagoons, and c) Ground waters comntunicating \rith lhc Black Sea This Protocol shill appl) lo: Emissions of polluting subshnces originrling from land-bascd poinl and diffuse sources lhat nra) ha\,e a measurablc ad\erse effecl on the,narine environnrenl or coasral areas of rhc Biack Sea Tlese emissions shall include those trhich reach the marine €nvironmcnt through rivers. canals or other watercourses, includrng ground*ater flow, coastal disposals and oulfalls, disposal under lhe scabed wilh access froD land, or lhrougl run- ofl i,) Inpuls of polluting subs(ances transporled rhrou8h lhe atnlosphcrc inlo thc marinE €Dvironment of the Black Sea from Iand-based sourccs under the conditions defined in Annex III: ,') Activnies lha( may dir€ctly or indirecll)' affect lhe marine environmenl or coasral areas of lhc Black Sea such as \vorks $,hich causc physical altcralion of the natural state of rhe coaslline, including alteration or deskuction oflhe landscape or habjtats- Articlc 4- I General Obligations The ConlractinB Parties shall individually or jointly take all appropriare nreasures in accordance \lilh lhe provisrons of the Convenlion and Prorocols in force ro prevent. control and to lhe maxinrum extcnt possrble cljminate pollulion of and other adverse effects on lhe marine environment or coaslal ar€as of thc Black Sea from land-bascd sources and activitres 2 The Conlracting Parties shall, rn particular: a) Apply thc precautionary principle, by virtue ofwhrch where there are lhreals ofse ous or irrevcrsible damage to the environmenl or to pubic heallh, lack of full scientific cerlainty shall nol be used as a reason for postponing cost€ffective nreasures to prevent such daDage; b) Apply rhe polluter pays principle, by virtuc of which the costs of pollufion preventronr control and reduction meirsurcs are to be bome by the polluter, wirh duc rcgard lo the pubhc inleresll c) Ensure that actilities Nhich are likely lo cause a sigrrificant adversc impact on the marinc enr,ironnrenl and coaslal areas are made subject lo environmenlal impact asscssment and a prior authorizalion by compel.nt natronal authorilies; d) Ensure that environmenlal consideralions, including health aspects, are thoroughly taken inlo accounl in lhc developmenl of rel€vant plans and pro9tammcs, nrer alia by means ofstratcSic environmcnlal assessmcnt; e) Prorole cooperation behveeD and among the Contracting Panies in environmcnlal impacl essessnrenl proccdures relaled lo actiYities under their jurisdiction or control, \rhich are likel)' lo hat'e a significant adversc effect on the marine cnvironmcnt of olher Stalcs, on the basis of cxchange of infomation; and 0 Endcavour to apply thc inlegratcd nranagcmcnt of coas(al zoncs and watersheds. 3. Thc Conlractrng Partics shall .ndca\'our lo cooperale, as approprialc. lvilh orher Slates sharing Nrlarcourses flo$ ing illto lhe Black Sea. in order to achiev€ lhc objeclives of f his Protocol. 4. Th. Conlracting Panics shall takc prcventive meaiures to reduce lo lhe minimunr thc risk ofpollution causcd by induttrial accidenls ArficlcS. Mcrsurcsoflmpl€mcnlrtion I 4 b) In lmplementing lhis Prolocol, thc Contracting Parlies shall. Adopl nalional and regional programmes or plans of aclions based on source control and conhinin8 mensures and, whcre aPpropriate, timetablcs for their completion. ln dcvcloping such progEmmes or Plans they shall take inlo considcration provisions and rccommcndations of lhc GIobal Programmc of Aclion for thc Protcction of thc Marine Environmcnt from Land-Based Aclivirics; Address activitics and subshnccs listcd in Ann€x I through the progressive dcvelopment, adoption and implementation of: i) ii) c) emission conlrols, including cmission li it values for relcvant substanccs, cnvironmcntal quality standards and envrronnlental quality objcclivcs, as wcll as managemcnt practices based on the factors dcfincd in Anncx I; and limclablcs for achieving the limrls, menagement praclices and measurcs agccd by thc Contracting Partics; and Utilizc or promo(c BAT and BEP and thc application of, access to and lransfer of cnvironmentally Eound technology, including clea-ner Productron, taking into accounl thc social, economic and technological conditions and criteria sel fo(h in Annex V. 2 Thc provisions of this Protocol shall nol affect the riStl of thc Conlracting l. Each Contracling Partv shall dcsignale a nalional aulhorily lo coordinale the Partics individually ot jointly to adopt and imp,cmenl nrore stringent nrcasures than those provrdcd for in this Protocol implemcntation of lhc provisions of thts Protocol in its terr(ory and under its jurisdiclion and lo communicalc uith lhe Commtssion Arliclc 6. Comhon Guidrlirrcs and Slandards In conformity \{rlh A(rclc XV ofrhe Convention, thc ContraclinB Panies shall I progressivel\' formulare and adopt, in cooperation sith compelenl inlcmational organisations, common guidelines and, as appropriate, slandards or crileria dealing in padicular wifi: a) Thc length, depth and position of pipelincs for coaslal outfalls, laking inlo account, in particular, thc methods uscd for treatmcnt ofcmuents, b) Spccial rcquirements for emuenls nec€ssitaling scparate lr€atmenl; c) The quality of sea-water uscd for specific purposes thal is necessar), for lhe prolcction ofhuman health, Iiving resources and ecos)'srems; d) The control and progressive replacement of products, installatrons and industrial and othcr processes causing siBnificanl pollulion of lhc arine cnvironment and coastal areasi ard o 2 Specific requircmcns concerning lhc quantities of lhe substances discharged (listcd rn Annex I), lheir concentralion in emuents and methods ofdischargrng them in sccordancc with BATand BEP The regional programmes and plans of aclion refcffed to in Arlicle 5 (paragraph I a) of lhis Protocol shall be elaborated and implemented taking into consideralion the following: a) The conrmon enrission limit values, environmental qualify standards or environmental qtlality objectives, as well as timetables for the implementalion of the measures aimed at preventrnB, reducing or €liminating, as appropriate, pollution from land-based sources and aclivities shall be established by the Contracling Parlies and periodically reviewed for subsrances listed in Annex I lo this Protocol; and b) The Commission shall define critcria as well as reco,nrnend appropriate measures to reduce, control and climinale pollution of and 1he adverse effecl on thc marine cnvironment and coastal areas ofthe Black Sea from land-based sources and activilies ard periodrcally update then lo reflecl the increasing information lhrough lhc monitorirg progranmes refered lo in Anicle ll of this Protocol, dre chanScs in the induslrial and olhcr hunran aciivitics and possible advances in scicnce and the pollution control tcchnologies Arlitlc 7. Pollution from Poinl Sourccs I Tlc Conlracling Pafli.s shall ensure lhal lhe cmissiorr corrtrols of poinl source enrissions of substances listed in Annoi I thal reach a,rd affecl or nra-\ aflcct lhe 6" i.\, nrarinc enr ironncnl of lhe Black Sea are based on BAT. BEP or rhe relevanr ernission lilnir valu€s 2 A list of Hot spots shall form lhe basis for rhc dcvelopmenr of national slrategics and timetablcs for achieving subslantial reduclions of inputs of pollutants from point sourccs This llJt shall bc claborated and subsequently revie\^cd and r€viscd cvery t'\,o years b),the Commission 3. Point sourcc cmissions shall bc subjcct lo authorisation or regula(ion by (he compercnl national authoritics of thc Contrrcling Panics, taking due account of the provisions of thrs Protocol, Annex IV thcrcto and the rclcvant decisions or recommcndations of thc Conrmrssion 4 To this end, lhe Contracting Parlies shall providc for e system of regular monitoring and inspcclion by thcir competeDt national authorities lo assess compliance Nirh authorisation and regulalion of emissions The Contracting Panies shall havc in place appropriate sanctions i case of non-compliance *,ith aurhorisalions and regulalions and ensure rheir application 5 The Contracling Panies may be assisred by the Commission upon rcquestt in establishing new, or strcnglhenine cxisting, competenl slrucrures for inspechon of colnpliance with authorisalioDs and regulalions Such assisknce shall also include special training of pErsonncl Arlicle E. I Pollulion from Diffuse Sourccs The Contracting Pa(ies shall ensur€ ihat the conlrols of dimrse sources of land-bascd pollution afleclinB or havin8 thc potential to affect lhe marine environment or coastal arees ofthe Black Sca arc based on BEP and BAT. 2 Thc Contracling Pa(ics shall lakc all necessary measures to substanrially rcducc thc pollution load from agricullural and foresl arcas affecting the marine cnvironmcnl or coaslal 6rcas of thc Black S€a in order lo comply wrth thc agreed environmcntal quality standards and environmcntal qualrty objectives for substances listed in Annex I lo this Protocol in accordanc€ wilh crileria dellned io Annex ll Articlc 9. Othcr Harmful A.(i!itics Thc Contracting Parres shall cnsure thar odrer potenlially harmful activiries within thcir respective l€nitories or regulatory conlrol, which affecl or may affect the marinc cnvironmenl or coastal areas of thc Black Sea and which are not covered by thc provisions ofArticlcs 7 and t ofthis Protocol, are conducled on the basrs of BAT and BEP. Articlc l0- l. Transboundary Pollulioh end Inpacl In accordancc with Article 15 paragraph 5 of lhe ConYention, \r'here leid- baJcd pollution or activitics within thcjurisdiction ofany Conlracting Parl)' cause or are tikcly to cause serious transboundaD' impacl on the marrne en\'ironmcnl or coaslal trt *gis).i' lhe Conlracling ParlY concemcd lhe Commissron inro.m rtt. an""r"d Contracling Panies through areas ofone or more oftlte other ContraclinE Parli€s' ih"ti 2. l\,o or lf oollutiorr fronr a ratcrcours. qtrch flo\r's lhrough lhe terriloriesisofLkel)' lo or ,,"." c".l*.it"g Panies or fornrs a houndar) bels'een lherrr affecl Partics in queslron' if'r. -rrinJ.nuironm€nl oI the Black Sea, $e Contracling "ff"", ;;;tt.g ii . provisions of this Pro(ocol in so far as each of rhem is concemed' are ."ii.d ,pin to ioop"tute with a view lo cnsurirrg ils tull applicalion in,tht A Conlracting Party shall nol be responsible for potlunon orlginalrnB shall Party il.rirory or a non-c-onrraciing stale. Howcver, the above ConnaclinB application .ia.r.,'orito.oop"."r" with thc said Stale so as lo make possible the full J. ofthis Protocol. Artictell, InformatioD and Data Colleclion, l\roni(oring and Assessm€nl Wrlhin the framework of the provisrons of' and lhe moniloring programmes wilh orovrded for in Ariicle XV oflhe Conlention and if rrecessaD rn cooPeralion l. lompetent iotcrnationat organisalions lhe Contracling Parlics shall' a) environment and Collsct information and data on the conditions of the nrarine chemical coaslal arcas ofthe Black Sea as rcgards its physical, biological and characteristics; b) Collec( c) Syslematically asses the slate ofthc marine environment and rhe Black Sea; ,'ll -' lherr Sv(tenraticallv assess, as [ar as possible' th levcls of pollulion alorrg I rn Arrnex lisled nd subslances .6"ut, in particutar with rc8ard to aclivilr€s and penodicatly to providc informal'on in this respecl; e) nreasures adopted Evaluale lhe effeclivcncss ofaclion plans' progranlme' and elinrinalc to u]t and and intpttflrented undcr lhis Prolocol to reduce 'onlrol the nlarine environmen( frorn land_ -arinrunr extent possible pollulion of i formation and data and prcPare and matnlain an in\entory of rnpuls lhe of substances listed in Anncx I of this Prolocol' rncludrng informalron on ai.i.ifution of sources and quanlities of such sllbstances irrfoduccd to the marinc environmcnt ofthe Black Sca; coastal areas of bxsed sources and aclivilies; and 0 2 Assess Seneral compliance u ilh lhe provisions of lhis Protocol nroriloring The Contracting Pa(ics shalt collaborate in estabtishing a regional iro"r"nrni. **.tt u. iompatible nalioD3t monitorirB programmes' and ir facrlitating * data-and information sroraEe, relrie\'al and cxchange' 10 orn(,) , 3 lnformation rEfcrrcd to in paragraph I above shall be made alailable by the Contracling Pa(ies ro the Conmission, as provided for in Artrcle l9 ofthis Protocol, al regular intcrvals lo be agrccd by lhe Contracting Pa(ics Arliclc l2 I Environmental Imprct Asscssnrcnl Thc Conlracling Panics shall cndcavour lo d.vclop and adopr regional guidclincs and cnhancc corrcsponding nalional reBUlalions concernrng thc assessmen( ofthe polcDlial environ cnhl impacts of land-bascd proJccts and acli\,itics including lhose likcly to causc scrious trensboundary impacl and rcvic\r'and update lhosE guidelincs as appropriale 2 Each Contracting Party shall inlroduce and apply procedurcs ofcn!ironmenhl impacl asscssmcnl ofany planned Iand-batcd acliviq,or projcct v/ithin its teritory or under ils rcgulatory control lhat is lkcly to cause siSnificant adverse effecl on the nrarine environment or coastal aress ofthc Black Sea- 3. Thc implementalion ofactivitics and projects refcncd to in paragraph 2 above shall be made subject to a prior written aulhorisation from the competent authorities of thc Contracting Party, which takes fully into accounr the findings and rccommcndations of lhc cnvironmcntal impacl assessmcrt Each Contracting Pany shall, subject lo its nalional laws and rcgulations, s€€k thc paflicipation of aflected pcrsons in any review proccss conducted pursuant to paragraph 2 abovc, and, $'here practicablc, publish or makc available relcvant rnformdlion obtained in thls review Articlc ll. Exchang€ of Inforlllrlion Thc Contracting Panics directly or through the Commission shall exchange on a regular basis informalion and develop syslems and nctwork for the exchanBe of information to lacilitatc thc implemenlation oflhis Prolocol Article 14. Public Participation l. Thc Con(racting Pani6 shall endcayour to promolc the panrcrpa(ion of lhe public in mcasurcs that arc nccessary for lhe protec(ion oflhc marire cnvironmenl and coastal aftas of the Bleck Sea from land-based sources and activrti€s, ircluding cnvironmcn(61 impacl asscssmcnts, and in dccision-making processes relcvant to thc implem€ntatron of this Protocol 2. Each Contracling Party shall. in accordance wrth ils nalional laws and regulalions, facilitale public access lo lhe infomration concerDing condilrons of the marin€ €nvironmant and coaslal areas of lhe Black Sea. mcasur€s laken or plnnned lo be laken to prcvenl, conlrol and rcduce pollulron. o) : gx$'r Articlc 15. Coopcralion and Assistance I The Contracting Panies shall coopcralc, bilarerally or, $'here aPpropriate, on a regional basis through the Com,nission in the prevention, conrrol and elimination of pollution of the nlar;ne €nvironmenl and coastal areas of lhe Black Sea from landbascd sources and activities 2 In conformity with Anicle XV ofthe Convention, the Contractin8 Parrics shall €ncourage coopcration in scientific and technological fields rclarcd to pollulion from land-based sources and activities, particularly in research on inpu6, path*'ays, fatcs and effects of pollutants and on the devclopmenl of new methods of pollution prevcntion, conlrol and eliminalion, including lhe devclopmcnt and applicalion of cleancr produc(ion approaches lo lhis efF€cl 3 The Contracting Parties shall promole cooperation, direclly or (hrough lhe Commission, \,ilh thosc Contracting Parties which request i( in obtaininB assistance for lhe implenentalron of this Protocol particularly to: a) Develop scientific, rechnical, educational ard public awareness programmes and tr:lin scientific, lechnical and adminislrative personnel: b) Provide rechnical advicc, information and other assistance; and c) ldentify and approach poteDtial sources of financing for projects ncccssary to implerncnt lhis Protocol 4- The ContractinB Parties shall cooperate with intemational orBanisations, programmcs and instrumcnts relcvant to thc Prevenlion, rcductton and control of pollution of the marinc cnvironmcnt and coastal ar€as ftom land-based sources and activities. Arlirlc 16. Reporting I Each Contracting Party shall submit lo lhe Commrssion annual repofls on nrcasures adopled for the implemenlation ofthis Protocol in a fomrat to be delermi.ed by the Comnrission Tle Commission shall make then available to all ContractiDg Panres. Such rcports shall include, inter olia: 4 Information on legal and rcgulalory mcasures, action PIans, Progranlnres and olher sleps taken for lhc implententalion of this Protocol, its Anncxes and recommcndalions adopted thcreundcr; b) Data on the quanlrlics of subsEnces of concern discharged from their territorics; 12 c) Sraiislical data on lhc authorisations granled rn accordance \\,ith Anicle 7 ot lhrs Protocoll d) Dala resulting frorn nroniloring as provided for in A(icle I I oflhis prolocoli Infomratron on activitles aheriig lhc coastline, habirats \!ilhin coasral areas e) and related rvat.rshedsl l) Information on rcsults achicved in the €liminarion and conrrol of poltulion from Hot spots; snd t) Information on gencral rcsults achieved and, jf rhe c&se ariscs. difficullics cncountercd in lhc implcmcntarion ofthis Prolocol 3. Information provided pursuant lo paragraph 2 abovc, which is designated by a Contracling Party as confidcnlial, shall be used in such a manner as ro zLssurc its confidentialiry Nothing in this Protocol shall rcquirc a Conrrac(ing part), ro supply information, th€ disclosure of \r,hich is con(ran ro the essenlial inleresls of its sccurity. Arlicle 17. L Colnpliance Thc Contracting Partics shall develop non-coofronlational and non-judicial procedurcs of consultative nalure lo ensurc compliance with th€ provisrons of rhis Protocol. 2. To facilitatc achicving the objcclives of this Protocol by rhe ContractinS Panics thc Commission shall: a) On thc basis ofthc r€po(s rcferred to in Anicle I6 and any othcr infonnarion submincd by thc Contracling Partics, revicw and evaluatc their compliancc wilh and cnforccmcnl of thc Protocol and dle d€cisions and reconmcndarions adoplcd th.rcunder; and b) Whcrc appropriat., dccidc upon snd call for sreps ro bring abour full compliancc with the Protocol and dccisions adopred thereunder and promote the implemcntalion of rccomnrendalions. including nreasutes lo assrst a Conlracling Parl) lo carD out ils obligalions. Article lt. Funding I Thc Contracting Paiies, taking inlo accounl their capabilirics, shall as far as possiblc cnsurc rhat adcquatc financial rcsourccs are available for lhe formularion and rnrplemcntation of programnrcs, projects and measures neccssar), to achieve lhe objcctivcs ofthis Protocol. To lhis cnd, lh€ Contracling parties shall: a) Endeavour to allocalc sufficicnt domcslic financial resources: b) c) Promolc the mobilisation of financial resourccs from bilaleral and nluttilallral firnding sources and mechanisms, including granls and loans; and Explore innovativc methods and inccntives for mobrlising and channelling resources, including thos€ offoundations, non-Bovernnrental organisalions and other prilate s€ctor en(ilies, aJld encourage vorious forms of public private Partncrships. 2 In addirion lo rhc financial partrcipatiofl b! the Conlracrine pa(ics (hc Comnrission ray, in response lo a requcsl frorr any Contractir)g parry, seek addilional fuDds or other forrns of assis(ance for aclivilrcs relaled lo lhis prolocol Thesc funds mav include voluntaD, contributions for lhe achievement of sp€crfic objeclives ol'lhis Protocol made by the Contracting Pa(res, olher governmenrs and govcmment agencies, tn(cmational organisauons. non-goYemmental orgaDisations, the pllvate seclor and indivrduals Article 19. lnstitulional Arrangcments l. For the purposes of this Protocol and in accordance wrth Anicle XVII of the Con\,ention, the Commissron shall, i,r/e/ r1io. 4 Consrder lhe eflicacy ofthc mcasurcs adopted and the advisabiliry ofadopting any olhcr measures, in particular in the foml ofannexes; b) Revis€ and amend any anncx lo thts Protocol, as appropnate. in accordancc with Arliclc XXI ofthe Convenlion: c) Formulate, adopt and review regional programmes, plans of actions or measures in accordance with Articlc 5 ofthis Protocol; d) Adopt regional guidelines, slandards or crrleria in accordance wrrh Anicle 6 of this Protocol; e) Pormulat€ procedures for exchange of infornralion and assist in developing infonnation systems irnd networks for thc cxchang€ of information in accordance with Article 13 ofthis Prolocol; f) Fonvard to the Contracting Pa(ies information submincd lo ir in accordance with Anicle I I ofrhis Protocol; g) Revieu, and assess information subnrifted the Contracring parties in accordance \rllh Arlicles l3 and l6oflhisProtocol: h) Compile, review and revise a lisr of Hot spots as prov,ded for in Anicle 7 of lhis Protocol: bt - s!s'i?'l': D Compile and make ayailablc lo lhe Conlracting Pa(res rcpo(s and studies which may be requircd for rhc irnplcmcntarion ofthis Prorocol or as rcqucstcd by ihcm; r) Assist rn raising firnds as provided for in Articlc I t ofthis Prolocot; k) Coopcratc wilh rclcvant intcmational organisations; r) Pcrfomr such othcr functions assiEnEd to it by rhc Contracling Parlics as dcerncd approprielc for thc implcrncnlation ofrhis Pro(ocol: and m) Establish an) such institutional mechanisnr s.s deemed ncccssaD, for lhc achrcvcmcnl ofthc objcctivcs ofthis Protocol Articl€ 20. Scttlement ofDisputes ln case of a drsputc bctween ConlractinB Panies conc€ming the interpretarion or rmplemcnlalion of this Prolocol, lh.y shall scck a se[lement of lhe dispure in accordancc wrth Aniclc XXV ofdrc Convcntion Articl€ 21. AnreEdheDts to this Protocol Adoptron of any anrcndmcnts to lhis Proiocol shall be made in accordance with the proccdures cstablished by Article XX ofthe Convcntion. Article 22. AnD.r.s I Provisions of this Prolocol that rcquire funhcr claboralron are dealt with rn anncxes, constiruting an rnlcgral pa( ofthc Protocol 2 Ttc Conlracting Parlics may also develop such lddilional annexes, as ih.y may deem appropriate. Adoplion of ncw arncxes oi an), amendmcnts to annexes (o this Protocol shall be made in eccordancc with Lhe procedures established b),Article XXI ofth. Convention. Anicle 23. Rcl2tioh to ltrlemalioral Agrc€Eebts I lhis Prolocol shall rcplace, es betu,ecn its Contracting Parlies, lhe Protocol on lhe Protection of lhe Black Sea Marine Environment Againsl Pollution from Land Bascd Sources, of2l April I992. 2 This Prorocol shall not alfect drc rights and obligarions of the Contractrng Pa(ies q4rich anse from olhcr agreentens 15 om t)t Arliclc 24. Final Clauses I The Protocol shall entcr inlo force in accordance N'lh the provisions ofA(icle XX of th€ Convention 2 No resen'ations may be made lo lhis Protocol 3. The instrumenls ofralrfication, accePtar)ce or approval shall b€ dePosited with the Govcmment ofRomani Done I7 April 2009, Sofia, BulBaria t"\

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ANNEX I ACTIVITIES AND SUtsSTAs-CES OF CO\CERN This Annelt contains elements. \rllich shall be raken inlo accounr b\ rtre Conlractin8 Parlics in thc preparation of action plans, programmes and measurcs for the rcducrion. control and elimination of pollution from land-based sources and activilies rcfencd to in aniclc 5 ofthis ProtocolSuch 6ction plans, prograrrmcs and mcasures shall arnr to covcr the actiyitics listcd in Scction A snd also covcr lc grouF ofsubstanccs cnumcratcd in Scclron B, sclcctcd on thc basis oflfic characterislics listcd in Scction C ofthc present Annex. Prioritics for action should bc cstablishcd b),fic Conrracring panics by asscssing the rclativc imporlance of impac6 upon publrc hcalrh, coas(al and marine rcsources, ccosystcm health, and socio-cconomic bcncfits, including culrural valucs A- Activities Thc following ac(ivirics (nol listcd in ordcr of prioriry) shall be primarily considered whcn sclting priorilies for lhe preparation ofaction plans, programmes and ficasurcs for lhe rcductron, conlrol and clinination of lhe pollution from land-based sources and activilics: I Agricullure; 2. Animal husbandry; 3. Aquaculture; 4- Ccmcnt produclion; 5 Disposal ofscwagc sludgc; 5 Drcdging; 7. Eleclronic induslry; t. Encr$/ production; 9. Fcrtilizcrproduclion; I0. Food proccssing; I L Forcstq'; 12 Harbonr opcrations; Il lncincralion ofwaste and managemcnl of is residucs; 14. Melal indusrry: 15 Mining; I6. Ol.hcr scctors ofthc inorganic chcmrcal indusrry, 17. Other scctors ofthc organic chemical induslryi l8 Papcr and papcr-pulp indus(ry; I9. Petrol.um rc6ning; 20. Pelrolcum pipelincs; 17 l. Pharmac€utical industry; 22 Produclron and forrnulation ofbiocidcs; 2 2l Rec)'cling induslry; 24 Shrpbuildrng and repairing indus(ry: 25 Tanning induslry; 26 Texlile industry; 27. Tourism, 28 TransPorli 29 waste and wastewater (municipal and induskial) managemenl: aDd 30. Any coastal activity and $'orks which cause physical akeration ofthE natural state ofthe coaslline or destruclion of habiuts B. CategoriesofSubs(ences ln the preparation of action plans, programmes and measures the Contracting Panics shall usc as Suidancc the following categories of substances idenlifiEd on thc basis oftheir hazardous or otherwise harmful characterislicsi l. Orgmohalogen compounds and substances, which may form such compounds in the marinc cnvironment. Priority v{ill be given to Aldrin, Chiordare, DDT, Dieldrin, Dioxins and Furans, Endrin, HePtachlor, Haxachlorobenzcne, Mirex, PCBs and Toxaphcne; 2 Or8anophosphorus compounds and substances Nhich may fonn such compounds in thc marinc cnvironmcnl. 3 Or8anotin compounds and substances which ay form such conrpounds rn lhe nrarine environment: 4 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; 5 Heavy mclals ard lhcir comPounds. 6 Used lubricating orls; 7. Radioaclive subslances; 8. Biocides and their der,valives; 9. Pathogenic microorganisms; disrupting subslances; I L Crudc oils and hydrocarbons ofPetroleum oriSin; I 0. EBdocrine I2 C),anides and fluoridcs; I3. Non'biodeSradablc dctcrgenG and olher non-biodcBradable surface-acliv€ substanc.s; t4 Nrlrogcn and phosphorus conrpounds and other substances \\'hich may cause eutroPhicalionl /11rurr. 18 o "r.. I5 Litler (an)' pcrsislent manufaclurcd or processcd solid mateflal which is discardcd, drsposed of, or abandoncd in lhe nrarinc .nvironmenr and coasral arcas); l5 Thcrmalemrssionsl7 Acid or alkalinc compounds\vhich may impair lhe quality ofwaler; lE Non-loxic subsbnc€s thal haYe an adverse effecl on the oxygelr conlenl of thc nrerine environmcnt: l9 Non-lo\ic subslances lhat ma)' inlerfere \vith an)' legitimale usc oflhc sca: and 20. Non-toxic subslanccs (hal may havc advcrse cffccts on lh€ physical or chcmicel charactcaistics of scewater C. Chrrrc(eristicsofSubst.Dccs In the preparation of action plans, programmas and measurcs lhe ContraclinB Partics shall take inlo account, whcre rclcvant, thc following characteflstics and factors: lPcrsistencc: 2. Toxicity or othcr noxious propcnics (c I carcinogcnicity, mutagenicity. tcratogenicity); 3. Bioaccumulalion; 4. Radioactivity. 5 Ratio between observcd concentrations and no observed cffect concentralions (NOEC); 6 Polcntial for causing eutrophication; ? Hcalth effcc$ and risks; 8. Transboundary signifi cancc; 9. Risk ofundcsirablc chaDgcs in the marinc ccosysrcm and ineversibillty or duability ofcffccts; lO. Ncgative impacts on marine life and thc sustainable use oflrving resources or anothcr lcgitimate uses oflhc sea; I Effccls on lhc lastc o. snrcllofmarinr product inlended for human I consumplion; 12. Effecls on thc smell, colour, lransparency or olher characleristics of sca\\,ater; and ll. Disuibution panem (r c quantities involved. use pattcms and probabilit)'of rcachinB the marine environmant).

ANNEX II DIFFUSE SOURCES OF POLLUTION FROI}' AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY A. Dcfinilions For (he purpos€s ofthis Annex: L "Diffuse sources of pollution from agriculture" rneans ditfusc sourccs of pollulion originating from the cukivarion of crops and rcaring of domesticarcd animals, excludinS in(ensive animal rearing op€ralions that would other$,ise be d€fined as point sources: 2 "Diffirsc sourccs of pollution from fores(ry" nreans diffuse sources of pollulion originating fron forestry activities; and J "Best management practices" means economical and achievable structural or non-structural measurcs designed to prevenl, reduce or control lhe run-olT of polluunts. B. Plans for (he Prcv€nfioD, Reduction and Control of Diffusc Sourccs of Pollutio[ from Agricultur€ ahd Forestry Each Contracting Pany shall no laler than five years affer this protocol enters into force, develop policies and plans, ard establish legal and ecoromic mechanisms for the prevcntion, reduction and control of pollution of the Black Sea from diffuse sources ofpollution from agriculrurc and for€srry that nay advcrsety affecr th€ Darine environnrcnl or coastal areas of the BIack Sea. Such policics, plans and mechanisms shall address, in particular, diffuse sources of pollution coDtaining nurrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), pesticidcs, sedinl€nh and palhogcnsPlans should includc irler aria the following el€ments. l. An assessment and evaluation ofdiffuse sources ofpollutioD from agriculture and forestry thar may advcrsely affect lhe marine cnvironmc l and coastal areas oflhe Black Sea, including: a) An estimation of loadings that may adverscly affecl the marine environmcnt and coastal areas ofthe Black Sea; b) An idcntification of associalcd environmenlal impacts and polcntial risks to human hcalth; c) An cvaluation of the existing administralive framcwork to manaBe diffuse sources ofpollution from agriculturc and forcsb; d) An €valuation ofcxisting besl manaBcmcnt practices and their effccliveness: and c) Thccs(ablishmentofmoniloringprosramores20 oi s,/ 2 Policy, lcgislativc and cconomic measurcs includinS: a) An asscssnrent and cvatuallon of adequacy of plaN, Policies and legal b) The dcvclopmcnt and pronlolion of cconomic and non_econonric inccntivc prograrnmes to incrc&sc thc use of bcst managcment practices lo prevent, iedicc and control pollution ofthc marine environment and coaslal areas of thc Bhck Sea from diffirsc sourccs ofpollution from agriculture and foreslry- mechanrsnrs dirccl.d loward lhc managemeni of diffxs€ sources of pollution from agriculturc and forcslry and lhe dcvcloPmenl of a plan lo impl€mcnl such modifi;alions al may be neccssary lo achieve besl mana8cment practiccs; and C. Rcporting Each Contracling Party shall rcpoi on its ptans for prevention, reduclion and control of pollurion ofihc marinc cnvironmenl and coastal areas of lhc Black S€a from \|ith Article difhrsc sourccs of pollulion from sgriculture and forestry in accordance l6 ofthis Proloco,. 21 o .a_: t2 s ,, sss,r aO

ANNEX III POLLUTION TRANSPORTED THROUGH THE AT]\{OSPHERE This Annex defines the condilions of applicatioD of rhis Protocol Lo polluLion fronr land-based sources and activilies transponed drrough the annospher€ in rcn s of Aniclc I (paragt iph ii) l- This Prorocol shall apply lo polluting crnissions iDto lhe atmosphere under lh€ following condilions: a) The discharged substance is or could b. transpo(ed lo the marine environment and coaslal arcas ofthc Black Sca under prevailing nl€teorological condhrons; and b) TIe inpul of the substance inlo the marine environmenr and coastal areas of the Black Sea is hazardous in relation lo the quantrtres of lhe same substance rcschinB the marine environment and coaslal areas by olher means- 2 This Prolocol shall also apply ro pollutlng emrssions into rhe annosphere affecling lhe marine €nvironment and coastal areas oflhc Black Sea from land-based sources and activities within the territories ofthc Contracling Parlies 3 In the c;tse of pollu(ion ofthc marine environmenl and coaslal areas of lhe Black Sea from land-bascd sourccs and activilies through the almosphere_ the provisions of Arlicles 4 and ? ofthis Protocolshallapply progressively lo appropriare activities and substances lrstcd in Annex I to this Prolocol as \r.ill be agreed b\,the Contracting Panics 4 Subject (o the conditions spccificd in paragraph I above, the provisions of Arliclc 6 (paraglaphl) oflhis Prolocolshall also appb,to: a) Emissiors - quantity and rate - ofsubslances emitted to the almosphere, on the basis of lhc information available lo thc Conrracting Panies concerning the location and distribution ofair pollution sources; b) The contcnl ofsubstances ofconcem in fi,lel and raw materials; c) The efficicncy of air pollution control technologies and more efficrent manufacturing and fuelburning processes, and d) The applrcation ofsubstances ofconcern in aSriculture and forestry 5- Tle provisrons ofAnnex lV lo lhis Prolocol shall appl),to pollution rhrough rhe almosphcre whencver appropriate Air pollution moniloring and nrodelling using acceptable conrmon cmission factors and methodologi€s shall be carned oul ln the aJsessmcnl of almospheric dcposition of subslallces, as rYell as in lhe compilalion of invenloflcs of quantiries and rates of pollutanl cmissiolls inlo the alnrosphere from Iand-bascd sourccs 22 6 All Aflicles of this Prolocol shall aPPl) equall) lo pol.lulion from.land'based stmosphele lvh'rever anpl'crDle ano sources and aclivities lransporled lhrough lhe subjecl lo thc conditions spEcified in paragraph I abovc 23 o;\

ANNEX IV AUTHORISATION AND REGULATION OF EIIISSIONS Pursuant to Anicte 7 (paragrrpl! l) of thrs Prolocol, the Con(racling Pan,es lvhen considcring the issuc of an authorisalion or regulation of lhe emissions conlaining substances ofconccrn listed in Anncx I to this Protocol, shall evaluat€ and consider, as lhe case may be. the following factors: Char.clerisfies atrd Composition of lh. Emissions I Type and size ofpoint or diffusc source (c 8- industrial process) Type ofemissions (e g. origin. avera8e composilion) l. State ofNaste (e I. solid. Iiquid, sludge, slurD). 5 Total amounl (volume discharged, € g pcr year) Discharge pa(ern (conlrnuous, intermirlcnl. scasorall)' variable, etc ) 1 Conccntrations with respecl to relevarrt cons(ilu€nts of substances listed in Annex land ofolher substances as appropriate Physrcal. chenical and biochemical properties ofth€ wastc emissions B. Cbaracterislics of Discbarge Constituents rvith Relpecl to lheir 6 Harmfulness I 2 3 4. 5 6 Persistence (physical, chemical, biological) in lhc marine cnvironment Toxicity and othcr harmful effects. Accumulation in biological matcrials or scdiments Biochcmical transformation producing harmful compounds Advcrsc eff€cts on lhc oxyg.n contcnt and balancc Suscepribilily lo physical, chemical and biochenrical chanBes and rnleraclion in lhe aquatic environment with other seawalcr conslituents \lhjch may producc harmful brological or olhcr cffccts on any'of the uses lis(ed rn Section F belo\l 1 All other characterislics as listcd in Anncx I, Section C Cheracteristics of Discharg. Sit. ahd Rcc€ivinB Environmenl l Hydrographic, meteorological, geological and lopoSraphrcal characlcrislics of thc coastal area. 3 Localion and g'pe ofthe discharge (oulfall, canal oullet. clc) and its relalion to other areas (such as afienity areats, spawning, nursery, and fishing areas, shellfish grounds) and other cmissions. Inilial dilu(ion achicvcd at thc Poinl of discharge into the receiving 24 5 and \!lnd on Disoersron characleristics such as cffects of cuncn15 tides horizontal transport and vcnical mixinS' biological R.cciving \\'atcr charactcris(ics Nith rcspect lo physical chemical' and ccological conditions rn the dischargc area tecei\'c waste €nrissions Capacity of thc rccciYing marine cnvironmenl to without undesirable cffccls D Cheracteristics of ihe Activity or Sour'c Crlegory l. praclrccs' Pcrformance of cxisting tcchnolo8ics and managemenl practrccs including indiBenous tcchnologics end manaBcmcnl Agc offacilities. Existing economic. social 8nd cultural characlcristics E. AlterIrliv! Productiotr, Wrsle Treatmcnt Tcchnologi€s or I, 2. M.tregcment PBctices t. 2. 3. Recycling, recovcry and rcuse opponunilies' nratcrial substirulion Lcss hazrrdous or non_haz5rdous raw or producls' Substitution of cleancr altcrnativc activitics 5. Low-waste or clcan technologics or proccsscs on land disposal) Altcmativc disposal activitics (for cxamplc F. Potcntial lmprirm€nt ofMarine Ecosystems 4 tmpacl on' b) Effccls on human hcalth through pollution Edibte marinc organisms; Bathing watcrs, and c) Aeslhctics- 2 Effccts on marinc and coastal ccosystems' L EffecE on oth€r legitimalc uses ofthe sca t. a) cndangered spccics and critical habilals' rnd Seawater Uses in pa(icular living rcsourc€s'

ANNEX V BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES AND BEST ETWIRONMENTAL PRACTICE ln accordance 'A'ith thc provrsrons of Anicles 2' 5, 7, 8 and 9 of this Protocol the Contracting Pa(ies shall utilize or Promole lhe apPlication of B€st Available Technrques (BAT) and Bcsl Environmental Praclice (BEP) A. Bcsl Avxilabl€ Tcchniqt,cs I The usc ofBAT shall cmphasize the use ofnon-wasle technolog), ifavailable. In determining whcth€r a sel of processes, facilities and mEthods of opcration consliru(e th€ BAT in general or individual cases. special consideration shall bc given 2 ") b) Comparabtc proccsses. facilities or methods of operalron which have recently b€€n succcssfully tried out: Technological advances and changcs in scrcntific knowledge and understanding; c) d) 4 r) The economic feasibility ofsuch lechniquesl Time Iimits for inslallation in both new and existlng planls; The nanrre and volume oflhc cmissions and emissrons conccrned: and The prccautionary principlc I Whar is 'BAT" for a pallicular process \Iill changc \rilh tinre in the liSht of technological advances, economic aDd social faclo6, as well as changes in scierltific *noNledge and understanding 4 If the rcduction ofemissions resulting from the use ofBAT does not lead ro e[vironmentally acceptable resulls, addilional measures have to be applied B. Besl Environmental Praclic€ I In makinB a selec(ion for individual cases, al least the following Braduated rangc ofmeasures should bc considered: 4 ]1e provision of iDfomration and education 10 the public and to usc,s about the envrronmen(al consequences ofchoice ofPa(icular aclivilics and cholce of producrs, their use and ul(ilnalc disposal; b) c) The developmenl and applicalion of Codes of Good Environmenlal Practice \yhich cover allaspccts oflhe aclivitl'in thc Producfs lifel The mindatory application of labcls informing us€rs of €nvirorlmenlrl risks related to a producl, its use and ultinlate dlsPosal; 26 /(] o (-,) is sr\ 93 IF o ) d) Savrng of resources. including energ)': e) N'laking collcclion and disposal systcnrs available 10 the publrc: f) Avoiding the usc of hazardous subslanccs or producrs and the gencrarioD of hazaldous waslc; s) h) Rcc)cling, recovcry.nd rc-usc; Thc epplrcatlon of cconomic instrumcnts lo aclrvitles, products or Broups of products; and i) Establishinga systcm ofliccnsing, involving a range ofrestrictions or a ban 2. In dclcrmining what combinatron of mcasurcs constitulc BEp, rn gcneral or individMl c&ses, particular considc.alion should be given lo. e) The cnvionmcntal hazrd ofthe producl and |ls produclion, use and uhimate disposal; b) c) d) The substitution by lcss pollu(ing aclivities or subsranccs; The scalc ofusc; Tllc polcntial cnvironnrcnlal bencfit or penalry of substitute malerials or activilics; e) f) B) h) Advances and changcs in scicntific knowledge and understanding; Timc limiG for implcmcntation; Social and economic implicitions; and Precautionaryprinciple. 3. It thcrcforc follows that BEP for a parlicular sourcc will change with rime in tie light of technologic.l advances, cconomic and social faclors, as well as changes in scicntific knowlcdge and undclst ndin8- 4 If thc .cduction of inputs rcsultints from the usc of BEP does not lead to cnvironmcntally acccptablc rcsults, addrrional mcasurcs have to bc applied and BEp rcdcfincd. '!= :. \si,o,,) :\ s.c't ,a iq ul ?1rs 6/ I \'s \i1 .1.,\'/ ',,n 27