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PROTOCOL AGAINST SMUGGLING OF \IICRA\TS BY LA SEA AND AIR, ST PPLE\I E\TI\C; T UNITED NATIONS CO:{VENTI AGAINST TRANSNATIONAL GANIZED CRIME lc Lrt ltc copy c!aili.! [. isru.i .t r h.r tihc L-NITED 20 ATIONS PROTOCOLAGAINST THE SMUGGLING O} NIIGRA\TS BY LAND. SEA AND AIR. StIPPLEtrtENTIN-c THE U\ITED NATIONS CO\\'ENTIO)i ACAINST TR A:{S\ATIO\,4.L ORGA\IZED CRIITE pream b le Tfu Stutts Pu tiL,\ to thi! Pt.otoel l)rLlarlng th.nt eljccli\e action lo prc\,ent atrd cotnbat the snruggli g ol rrigranrs b1 land sca and air requires a comprchL,nsi\e rnternaiir.nal approach. including cooperation. lhe e\change of information and olhcr appropflate nleasures, including socio-oconomic measures, a1 the national. regronal and inlematronal Ievels. Recolling General Assembly resolution 54212 of 22 December 1999. in which lhe Assembly urged Member Starcs and lhe United Nalions s)'stem to strengthen internarional coopera(ion in the area of international miSration and development in order to address the root causes of migratron. especially those relaled to poveny. and to maximize the benefirs of international migralion to those concerned, and encouraged, where relevant. intcrrcgional, rcgional and subregional mechanisms to conlinue to address thc qucstion of migralion and development, (:onyinrcd of rhe need to provide migrants \r,ith humane treatment and full protection of rheir rights, Taking into occounl the facl that. despite uork undertaken in other international forums, thcre is no universal instrument (hat addresscs all aspects ofsmuggling ofmigrants and other related issues. ('oncerned at the significant tncrease in the activttics of organizcd criminal groups in smuggling of migrants and olher related criminal actrvilies set forth in this Protocol. $,hich bring great harm to the States conccrned. Also concerned lhat the smuggling of migrants can endanger the lives or securiry,ofthe mtgrants inYolved. Rccdling General Assembl; resolution 53i I I I of 9 December 1998. in u'hich the Assembl) decided to esrablish an open-ended intergoIernmenral ad hoc comminee for the purpose of elaborating a conrprehensive international convention agains( transnational organized crime and of discussing lhe elaboration of, inter alia. an international instrumenr addrcssinS illegal trafficking in and transporting of mjgrants. incllrdrng b)'sea. (otDinced rhal supplemenring the United Nations Convention againsl Transnational Organized Crime r\ith an rnlernalional instrumcnl ag{iDst thc snruggling of migrants by land. sea and air $ill be usetil in prc\enting and combaling rhar crimc. ]ktrr agrcrd a\ lollovr' I. General pror,isions At ticla l Rclotion t h thr L nitrd \cttion\ Co\c tion ago i nsl n-tnsno t iono I Oryan izc d C r t Dtc L This Protocol supplements (he Uniled \alions Convenlion against lransnational Organized Crime ll shall be interpreted together wilh thc Con\'ention 2 Thc provisions of the Convention shall apply. muratis mulandis, to !his Protocol unless otheru'ise provided herein. 3 The offences established in accordance wirh a(icle 6 of lhis Protocol shall be regarded as offences established in accordance wtth the Convention Arlicle 2 Staremcnt ofpurpotc The purpose of this Protocol is to prelent and combat rhe smuggling of mrgranls, as well as (o promote cooperalion among States pantes lo that end, while protecting rhe righrs ofsmuggled migrants Article 3 Use of terms For the purposes of rhis Protocol: (a) Smuggling of migranls" shall mean the procurement, in order lo obtain. directly or indirectl). a llnancial or other marerial benefit. oflhc illegal enrry of a person into a State Party of which the person is not a national or a pcrmanent resident; (b) Illegal €ntry" shall mean crossing borders uirhour compl).in8 \\ ith the necessan requtretnenls for legal entrv into the receiving Stalc: (c) Fraudulent travel or idcnlilv document" shall mean an\' rravcl or identitv document: (i) Thal has been falsel), madc or altered in some nralerial wa! by an)'one orher lhan a person or agenc), las,fully authorized to make or issue the trayel or identit) documen( on behalfofa State; or 2- (ii) Thar has bcen impropcrlr issued or obtaincd rhrough tDtsrcpr!,sentation corruptjon or durcss or in an), olhcr unla\\,f;l rnanncr: or (Ii) l-hat is bcing used by a pcrson orhcr rhan rhe rightlul holdcr: (d) \!sscl shall mean an\ ltpe of $ater crarl_ includine non_ di\plac.nrcnr cralt rnd scxplanc<. used or'capable "f b"i,,t ,,,.:j ;:;;,;,,;;, .Itran\nonrtiol on \\aler. cxcepl a rrJrsltip. naral aurilrirr or urhcr \c\\.1 nsncd nr oper.rtcd b) a Corernmenr arrd uscd. fl,r the rimr. bcinc. onlr on -!o! crnntcnl non-contmercia I servicc A iclc l Scope ofapplrcation Ihis Protocol shall appl),. excepl as other$,ise srated h€rein. to rh!, preventron. tnvesllgation and prosecution of the offences established in accordance with article 6 of lhis protocol, where the oflences are transnarional in nature and involve an organized criminal group, as u,.ell as to rhe prorection of the rights of persons u.ho have !6sn 1f,. olj.., of irJ ottences Article 5 Criminol liab tD, o[ migt.ants Migrants shall not become liable to criminal prosecution under rhis Protocol for lhe facr ofhaving been lhe object ofconduct set forth in arricle 6 ofthis Prolocol. Articlc 6 Criminalizotion L Each State Party shall adopt such legislalive and oth€r measures as may be necessary to establish as criminal offences. when commilted intentionally and in order to obtain. directly or indirectl),. a financial or other material benelit: (a) The smugglin8 of mi8rants. (b) When comnitted for thc purpose of enabling rhe smuggling oI mrgrants: (i) (ii) (c) Producing a fraudulenr travel or identiB,documenl: Procuring. providing or possessing such a documenr: Enabling a person who is not a national or a permanenl residenr ro remain in the State concerned wtthout complying Nith the 3 nccessan rcquircments lbr lcgall) rcmaininp in the Slatc b\ rhc fieajr\ llreIIiurr(d i \uhpuragraph ,b) oflhir paraIrdph o, an) olhcr r L:f,rl n,(an. I Each Srate part\ shall also adopt such lcgislatiyc and othcr mcasures as nlav bc ncccssan to establisI as criminal offcnccs. lai Subicct to rhc basic conccprs of its legal srstem. artcmprins lo comnrir dn ollirrec cstablished rn accordance \ith paragraph I ol this i(ic lc: {b) Parricipa(ins as an accomplice in an offencc cstablishcd in accordancc \\irh paragraph I (a). (b) (') or (c) ofrhis artrcle and, subiecr to the basic concepts of its legal syslem. participating as an accomplicc in an ol]'ence established in accordance with paragraph I (b) (ii) of rhjs arrrcle; (c) Organizing or directing other persons to commi( an offencc eslablrshed in accordance with paragraph I ofthis anicle 3 Each Srate Pa(\ shall adopr such legislativc and orher nreasures as ma),be necessary to establish as aggravating cjrcunrslances to the offences established in accordance wirh paragraph I (a). (b) (i) and (c) of lhis anicle and. subjecl to lhe basic concepts of its legal systenr. lo rhe offences established in accordance with paragraph 2 (b) and (c) oi thjs anicle- circumstances: (a) That endanger. or are likely to endanger, the lives or safert. oI lhe mrgranls concerned; or (b) Thal enlail inhuman or deBrading trealmenr, includinB tor cxploiration. of such migrants 4. Nothing in this Protocol shall prevenl a Slate parry from taking neasures againsl a person whose conduct constitutes an offence under its domestic la$,. U. SmuggliDg of higrants by see Arttcl,,Cooperotiotj States Parries shall coope.ale to lhe fullest extenl possible to prevent and suppress thc snluggling of mitrants b]. sea. rn accordance \\rth rhe internarional la$, of the sea. Arritle 8 -llcasure! ogoinst thc s uggling of migrants bt,sco I A State Par$. thal has reasonable grounds to suspect rhat a vessel rhar is flfing its flag or claiming its regisrry. that is \\ithout nalionalit)'or thar. thoueh flying a foreign flag or refusing to shou.a flag. is in realit) otlhc nationality ofthe Slat€ paay concemed is engaged rn the snruSgling o,_ migranls b\ sca maJ rcqucsr thc assisrancc ol-othct States I)anies rn suppressing thc use ol thc \cssel fbr thar purposc The Stalcs Partics so rcqucsted shall render such assistancc 10 the cxrcnt possibJc \ ith in thcir lncans Ll Stalc Part\ rhat has rcasonable ground, ti) suspcct that a rssscl crcrcisir:g lreedom ol na\igarion in accordance $ith inl!rnutiotral larr and llrinu the flag or displaring the marks ofrcgistr\ ol anolhcr Srarc Part\ is engaged in thc smugglifg ol mi{ranls br sca mar so notil-\ lhc llac Starc rcquusl confirnration ol rcgistr). and. il confinncd_ rcquesr authorizalion from the flag State to take appropriate measures $ith rcgard to that vcssel The flag State may authorize lhe requesting Stalc. interalia: (a) To board the vesseli (b) To search the vessel: and (c) ll evidence is found ihat rhe v€ssel is engaged in rhe srnuSgling of migrants bY sea, to take appropriate measures \\.tth respecr ro the vessel and persons and cargo on board. as authorized by the flag State. 3 A State Party that has taken any measure in accordance \\.ith paragraph 2 of this articlc shall promptly inform the flag State concerned of the results of that nleasure. 4 A Slatc Part) shall respond expeditioush ro a requcsr fronr another Stale Pan\ to delermine $hether a vessel that is clatming its regisrry or flying its flag is €ntilled to do so and to a rcquest for authorization tnade in accordance wilh paragraph 2 of(his artrcle 5. A fla8 State may, consistent with article 7 of this protocol. subject its authorization to conditions to be agreed by it and the requesting State. including conditions relating to responsibility and the extent of effective Neasures to be taken A Srate Part). shall take no additionat measures without the express authorization of the flag State. except those necessan to relreve imminent danger lo the li\es ofpersons or !hose \\hich derive fronr relevant bilateral or mullilaleral agreemenrs 6 Each State Pan) shall destgnate an authorit), or \r'here necessan. authorities to receive and respond to requests for assistance- Ior confirnalion ol registr) or of rhe right of a Yessel ro fly its flag and for authorizatioD to take appropriatc nreasures Such designal,on shall be notified throu8h tlle Secrerar\-Gencral lo all other States Parries \\ illtin oDc moDth of the designation. 7 A Slatc Part\' thal has reasonable grounds to suspcct thar a vessel is engaged in the smugtling of migrants by sea and is $ithout nationalit),or nay be assimilated (o a vessel without nationalit).maJ'board and search lhc vessel If evidence confirming the suspicion is found. that 5 Slarc Part\ shall take appropriate measures in accordancc \irh rcle\ant dor cstic and inlernarional la\\. Arti( fu 9 Sa./iguwl tl0usat I \\'hcre a State Part\, lakcs mcasures agarnst a rcsscl in accordancc \\irh arLiclc 8 ofthts Protocol- it shalli (a) Ensure the safet) and humanc treatmcnt of thc person\ on board: (b) Take duc accoun! of thc need not to endanger the securit) ot lhc vess€l or its cargo; (c) Take due account of the need not to preJudice lhe comrherctal or le8al interests ofthe flag State or any other interested State; (d) Ensure. within available means, lhat an-y measure taken \+.ith reBard to rhe vessel is environmentally sound. 2 Where lhe grounds for measures taken pursuant to article 8 of thrs Protocol prove to be unfounded. lhe vessel shall be compensated for any loss or damage that may have been sustained, providcd rha! the vessel has not committ€d anv actjustirying the measures taken 3 Any measure taken. adopted or implemented in accordance \r'ilh this chapter shall take due account of the need nol to interfere with or lo affect: (a) The rights and oblitations and rhe exercise ofjurisdiction of coaslal States in accordance uith the international law ofthe sea; or (b) The authoriry of the flag Srare to exercise jurisdicrion and control in administrattve, technical and social matters involl.ing the vessel 4 An) measure taken at sea pursuant to this chapter shall be canied out only b), warships or military aircraft, or by other ships or aircraft clearl)'marked and identifiable as being on govemment service and authorized to that effecl. III. Prevention, cooperation rnd other measures Article l0 Inlotnation I Wilhour prejudice to a(icl€s 27 and 2E of the Convention. Stalcs Parlies. in parlicular those with common borders or located on rout€s along which migrants are smuggled. shall. for th€ purpose of achievinq lhe obiectives o[ lhis Prolocol. exchange amonB lhemselves. consistent wrth -6 thcir tcspccrivc doInesric legal and adminisnalivc s\stems. rclc\ant infornration on matters such asi (ir) EDrbarkalion and destination points. as \\l:ll as routcs. carricrs and rncans ol_ transporrarion. knos,n ro hc or suspeclcd ol-beinc uscd b\ rn organiTcd criminal grouF cnqaeljd in conducl sct fonh in anicle 6 ol rhis (b) The idcntit\ and methods oI organizations or organizcd cnminal groups knoun 1() bc or suspcctcd ol bclng cngagcd in conducl sct Ibrth in a(icle 6 of this l,rotocol: (c) Thc authcnticill and proper form of tralel documents issued b) a Statc Part)' and thc lheft or related misuse of blank lravel or idcntih. documents: (d) Means and methods of concealment and transportation of persons. rhc unlawful alteration. reproduction or acquisition or other misuse ol_tra\el or identit] documenls used in conduct set forth in article 6 ofrhis Protocol and \r,ays ofdetecting theml (c) Legislative experiences and practices and measures to prevent and combat the conduct ser forth in article 6 ofthis Protocol; and (0 Scientific and rechnological informarion useiil to Ia\\, enforcement, so as to enhance each olher's ability to prevent, delecl and inyestigate the conducl set forth in anicle 6 of this Protocol and to Prosecute those involved I A State Part) that receives information shall comply \\,ith an), request by the State Party that transmitted the information that places resirictions on its use Article ll Border neoture;- L Without prejudice to international commitments in relation to the free ,nove rent of people, States Panies shall strengthen, to rhe extent possible. such border controls as ma) be necessar] to prevenr and detect the smuggling of migrants l. Each State Pan) shall adopl legislatile or other appropflare measures to prevent, to lhe extent possible. means of transport operated b) com crcial carriers from being used in the commission of the ollcnce cstablishcd in accordance with article 6. paragraph I (a). ofthis Protocol 3 Where appropriate, and uithout prejudice ro applicable international conventions. such measures shall includc establishing the obliEalion of commercial carriers. includrng any lransportation compan)' or the owner or operator of any means of transport. to ascertain that all -1- passcngcrs re in possession of the lra\cl documcnls rcqui.cd lor cnlrl inlo thc recci\ ing Statc I Each Statc Part) shall take lhe Iecessao' measuros. in accordanct with rls donlesttc lau. Io provide for sanclions in cascr ol\ iolalion ol the oblrsation sfl tbnh rn Paragraph I ot lhts an iclc 5 Each Stalc Parl\ shall considcr taking nlcasurcs !ha! Pcrnril. irr accordance \\ith its domcstic la\. thc dcnial ofentn or revocation of\isas of pcrsons inrplicated in the commission of offenccs establishcd irr accordance \\'ith this Protocol. \\'ilhout prejudice to a(icle 27 of the ConYention. Sta(es Panics shall considcr strengthening cooperation among border control agencies b). inter alia, establishinB and maintaining direct channels of 6. communrcation Articlc 12 Sec un D' dnd conlrcl Qf docume nl s Each Slate Parly shall take such measures as ma)'be nccessaD. $ithin available means: (a) To ensure thal trarel or identity documcnts issued b) it are o[ such qualit) that they cannot easily be misused and cannot readily be fatsified or unlayfully altered. replicaled or issued; and (b) To ensure the integrity and security of travel or identity documents issued by or on behalf of lhe State Party and to Prevent their unlawful creation. issuance and use Article l3 Le g t imocy ond ta hdil)' of doc umen t s At rhe request of another State Party. a State Party shall. in accordance with its domestic law, veri$ within a reasonable time the legitimac)' and validity of travel or identity documents issued or purported to have becn issued in ils name and suspected of being used for purposes of conduct set fonh in a(icle 6 ofthis Prolocol Arliclc lJ Tt oining and lechnicaI cooperorion I States Panies shall provide or stren8lhen sPecialized rraining for immigration and othcr relevant oficials in preYenting the conducl sel forth in a(icle 6 of this Protocol and in the humane treaiment of migrants who have been the object of such conduct. while respecting their rights as set forrh in this Protocol 8 Stiltes Parlies shall coopcrale \\ lth cach other and \ irh inlernational organizations- non-go\ernrncntal organizations competenl orher relc\ ant orBanizations and olh(:r clctrrents of ci\ il socic(\ ,s appronrialc to ensurc that lherc is adcquate Pcrsonncl trainins rn lheir lcniLories t() preYenL. conrbal and cradicatc the conduct set forth in artrclc 6 of thrs I'rotocol and lo prolect the rlghls ol miSrxnls \\ho havc bcen thc L,hject oi such conduct Such lraininS shall includc: 2 (a) Impro\inS lhc sccuritl and qualitv o1'tratcl documcnts: (b) Rccognizing and detccting iraudulcnl lrarcl or rdcntitr documenls: (c) GatherinS criminal intelligence. relatinS in particular to the identrficalion of organized criminal groups kno\\'n to be or suspccted of being engaged ln conduct set forth in anicle 6 of this Protocol. the methods used to transport smuggled migrants, the misuse of traYel or identity documenls for purposes of conduct set forth in article 6 and the fieans of concealment used in the smuggling of migrantsl (d) lmproving procedures for delectrng smuBgled persons at conventional and non-conventional poinls ofentry and exit; and (e) Thc humane treatment of miSranls and lhe protectlon of therr rights as set forth in this Protocol. 3. States Panies with relevant expertise shall consider providing technical assistance to Slates that are frequentl)' counlries of oriSin or transit for pcrsons who hale been the object ofconducl set fo(h in article 6 of this Protocol. States Parties shall rnake eYeD' effort to providc the n€cessar)' resources, such as vehiclcs. computer s)stems and doctrnrent readcrs. to combat the conduct set fonh in anicle 6 Arlrclc I5 ()l hcr Pretenlion neasures l. Each State Party shall take measures to ensure that it provides or strengthens infornration programmes lo increase public awareness of the fact lhat the conducl sel forth in article 6 of this Protocol is a criminal acriyir)' frequently perpetrated bl organized criminal groups for profit and that it poscs serious risks to the migrants concerned. :- ln accordance \ilh anicle 3l of the Convention. States Parties shall cooperatc in the field of publlc information for the purpose of pre\enling potential miSrants from falling \,ictim lo organizcd criminal Sroups- J Each Stale Pa(y shall promote or strengthen' as appropriate. de!elopmcnt programnlcs and coopera(ion at Ihe nattonal. reBional and international ier'Jls, taking into account the socio_economic realities of -9 migration and pa)ing special attcntion to cconomicalh and sociall) dcprcsscd arcas. in ordcr ro combat thc root socio-economic causcs ofth; sInuqelins L'fmigranrs. such as po\erlY and undcrde\ elopmenr Alt l( t6 Pt.otcction und u,r,titlunce N ct\ut.! \ I In implemcnting this protocol. each Starc part\ shall takc. consislenl \\ith its oblitsarions under inlernational la\,. all appropriate measurcs. includins legislation if necessar),. ro prcsen,e and protect rhc rights of pcrsons \\,ho have bcen the objecl of conduct set fo(h in a(icle 6 of this Protocol as accorded under applicable international la*., in particular the right to life ahd the right not to be subjected to torture or othcr cruel. rnhuman or degrading trcatment or punishment_ 2 Each State Pa y shall lake appropriate measures lo affbrd migrants appropriate protection against vtolence that may be inflicted upon them, whether by individuals or groups. by reason of beinS rhe object of conducl sel forth in a(icle 6 ofthis Prolocol 3. Each Slare Pa() shall afford appropriate assistance to Nhose migrants lives or safety are endangered by reason of being the object ofconducl sel forth in anicle 6 ofthis Protocol. 4 In applying the provisions of lhis article. Sutes pa(ies shall take into account the special needs ofwomen and chtldren. 5. ln the casc of the detention of a person who has been the object of conduct sel fo(h in article 6 of lhis Prolocol, each Stare partY shall compl) with its obligations under the Vienna Convenlion on Consula; Relations, where applicable, including thar of informing th€ person concemed uithout delay about the provisions conceming notification to and communication with consular officers ,Atticle l7 AEree ments onal orrunge me nt s Slates Panies shall consider lhe conclusion of bilateral or rcgional aBreements or operalional arrangements or understandings aimed at: (a) Establishing the most appropriate and effective measurcs to prevenr and combat thc conduct set fonh in a(icle 6 oflhis protocol: or (b) Enhancing the provisions ofthis protocol among themselves. Arlrcle l8 Return of smtggled migranls l. Each State Pady agrees to facilitate and accept, \,ilhout undue or unreasonable dela\. the retum of a person \rho has been lhc obJcct of t0 - conducl sct lotlh in atliclc 6 oflhis prolocol and \r,ho rs i1s national or rho hac lhc lltlrl ufpcrrnancnr rcsidence in rts terrrlon al rhe timc ot rclrrrn and rrho had thc nghr 01- pcnnancnt rcsidcncc in its terrilorr at the timc of cntrt, inlo ftrc ,ecerYin! Srrr" i" r.rurd.rrrrr rr irh ir. dorncsric tarr I Al rhc rcqucst of the rcccrying Srarc l,afl\. a requesled Starc Pa(\ shall. rltthout unduc or unrea5onable dela1. reriij rrhetier a person rlho has becn the objccl of conducr set tbrrh in aniclc 6 of this proto.oi i. its national or has the right of pennanent residence in its lerritorY rl In order to facilitate the relum ofa person rvho has been the object of conduct set forth in adicle 6 of this protocol and is without proper documentarion, the state pany of which that person is a nu,ionol'o.'in \\'hich he or she has the right of permanent residence shall agree to issue, ai the requcs( of the receiving State party, such travel do.,_r]r"nr, o. oii,.. authonzalion as ma) be necessary to enable the person to travel to and re_ enler its territory. 5. Each State pa(].involved with the return ofa person who has been thc objcct ofconduct set fo(h in article 6 of this protocol shall ta[e ali appropriatr measures to catn,out lhe return in an orderl),manner and with due regard for rhe safel),and dignity ofthe person. 6 Stares Pa(ies ma) coopcrate with relevant inlernational organizations in thc inrplcnlenration ofthis article 7 This arricle shall be without prejudice ro an),right aflbrded to persons \a'ho have been (he object of conduct ser fonh in 6 of thi. "nicle Protocol b).an).domestic lal\ ofthe receiving Slare part), 8 This article shall nor affect the obligations entered into under any other applicable treary. bilateral or multilateral. or an),other applicable operatronal agreement or arrangement that governs, in s,hole or in pa(. the retum of persons $'ho ha\'e been the object of conducr sel forth in a(rcle 6 ofthis Prolocol lV Final provisions Articlc l9 Soring clat$c I Nothing rn this Prolocol shall affecr rhc orher rights. obligations and responsibilitres of States and individuals under inrernational lau'. includihg international humanitarian lau, and international human rights Ia\\ and. in panicular where applrcable, the l95l Con\,ention and the II 1967 Protocol relatinS to thc S(alus of Rcfugees and the princrplc of nonrcfoulenlcnr as conlained therein I The nleasurcs scl fonh in this Prorocol shall bc rntcrpretcd and applied in a \!a) lhat is nor discrill]inaron ro fcrsors on the ground thar lhc\ arc lhc obiecl of conduct set forlh in a(iclc 6 of this Protocol lhe intcrprelrlion and applicalion of rhose measllres shall be consisrent triih inremationall\ recoenrzcd principles of non-discrimination Arti.h )(t Scttlement oldisputes I States Parties shall endeavour to settle disputes conccrning the interpreration or applicalion ofrhis Prolocol through negotiation 2 Any dispute betwecn tu'o or more Stales Panies coocerning the inlerpretation or application of this Protocol that cannot bc settled through negoliation within a reasonable time shall, at the request of one of those States Panies. be submitted to arbitration. Ii six months after the date of the request for arbilralion. those States Panies are unable to agree on the organization of the arbitration, any one of those States Pa(ies ma1 refer the dispute to lhe Internalional Court of Justice by request in accordance with rhe Statule of the Courl. 3 Each State Parr_v may. at the time of signature, ratrfication. acceptance or approval of or accession to this Protocol, declare that it does not consider i$elf bound by paragraph 2 of this anicle. The o[hcr States Parties shall not be bound bl,paragraph 2 ofthis article with respecl to anv Slate Pan)'that has made such a reservallon. 4 Any Slate Party (hat has made a reservatron in accordance with paragraph 3 of this a(icle may at any time withdraq' that reservation b), nolrficatron lo lhe Secrelaorceneral ofthe United Nations- Articlc 2l Signalurc rul i"lical ion, acceplance approval and acce!!ion I This Protocol shall be open to all States for signature from 12 to l5 December 2000 in Palermo. ltaly. and thereafter at United Nations Headquaflers in N€w York until l2 December 2002 2 This Prorocol shall also be open for stgnature b), regional economrc inlegration organrzations provided that at Ieast one member State of such organization has signed this Protocol in accordance u,ith paragraph I of this ar.ic le 3 This Prolocol is subject to ratification, acceplance or approval lnslruments of ratiflcation. acceplance or approval shall be deposiled with 1Z rhc Secrcrar\ -General of the Unitcd ]"ations A regional econonic integralron organization nra) dcposit its iDsrrumenl of ralrficarion. acccptancc or approval il al least onc of its nrcrnbcr Srales has donc Iikc\\ise In thar rnsrrun)unl of rarification. acceplance or appr(r\rl. such Lrrranizirtion shall dcclarc thc c\rcnr of irs corrpclcncc $irh respcct to thc malters so\crned bl this Protocol Such organizarion shall also inlbnn lhc deposirarY o( anv relcvanl nrodification in the exlenl ol'its compctence I -l'his Protocol is open for accession b\ an\ Sratc or an\ rc!ional economic integration orsantzation of Nhich al least onc membct Stale is a Pafl) to this Prolocol lnstrumcnts of acccssion shall bc dcposircd $ith the Sccrerarv-Gcneral of the Llnited Nations At the timc of tts accession. a regional economic integration organization shall declare the extent of ils compelence with respect lo matters goYerned bl,this Prorocol. Such organization shall also inform the deposttaD. of an) rele\ant modi6cation in the extent of its competence. Arlicl.22 Entry inb forcc I This Prolocol shall enter into forcc on the ninerielh da\' after the datc of deposir of the fortieth ins(rument of ratification. acceptance, approval or accession, except thal it shall not entcr into force before thc entry into force ofthe Convention For the purpose ofthis paragraph, an) rnstrumenl deposited b)'a regional economic integration organization shall not be counted as additronal to those deposited bl member States of such organtzation. 2 For each State or regional economic integrarion organization ratiS,ng, accepting. approving or acceding to this Prolocol after the depostt ofthe fonielh instrument ofsuch action, this Protocol shall enter inlo force on rhe thi(ieth day after thc date of deposit by such State or organtzation of the relevant instrument or on the date this Protocol enters into fbrce pursuanl to paragraph I oflhis articlc. whichever is lhe later Articlc )3 Anrcncl rcnt I After the expiD offi\e ycars fiom thc entry inlo forcc ofthis Protocol. a Slare Pam lo the Protocol mav propose an amendDrcDl and file il \Lith the Sccretall.General of the United Nations. q'ho shall thcreupon communicate lhe proposed amendmenl lo the States Parties and to the Conference of the Panies to the Convention for the purpose of considering and deciding on the proposal. The States Parties to this Protocol meeting at the Conference of the Parties shall make eYer5, eflbn to achicve consensus on each anrcndment Ifall effons al consensus have been exhausted and no _ t3 _ aglccnrcnt has bcon rcached. lhe amcndnrcnt shall. as a lasl resorl rcquirc for ils adoption a l\\o-thirds nlajorit! \ole of lh€ Statcs Parties lo rhis Protocol present and \,oting at the mcclinS ofthe Conlcrencc ofrhe Parri0s 2 Rcgional ecoDonric iD(egration orqa[izalions. in matters \\ithin thcir cofipeience. shall excrcise thcir righr to \olc undcr this aflrclu \\irh a n(rnrhrr of \ orcs cqnal to rhe number of lheir mcmber Srarcs thal are Partics lo this Protocol. Such orEanizations shall not cxercisc their right ro \olc rl' rlrr.ir rncD)hcr Sldlc\ ('\ercr\e lhrirg and \ice !er\,r i An amcndmcnt adopted in accordancc \r'ith paragraph I oi lhi\ arlicle is subjecl to ralification. acceptance or appro!al by States Pa(ies :l An amendment adopted in accordance u ith paragraph I of thrs arlicle shall enler into force in respect of a State Party ninery days afler the date of the deposit wilh the SecretaD'-General of the United Nations of an rnstrument ofratificalion, acceptance or approval ofsuch am€ndment 5 rtr'hen an amendment cnters inlo force, il shall be binding on those Sta(es Pa(ies which have expressed their consent (o be bound by it Olher Slares Panies shall still be bound by the provisions of this Protocol and an)' earlier amcndments thal they have ratified, accepted or approved Arlicle 2'l Denunctatrcn I A State Party may denounce this Protocol by wrrtten nolificatron !o the Secr€tary-Oeneral of the United Nations Such denunciation shall become €ffectrve one year after lhe date of recerpt ol the nolifi cation by the Secretary-Ceneral. 2. A regional economic integration organizatron shall cease lo be a Pany lo this Protocol shen all of its member States have denounced il Article 25 Depositoty akd lotlguoges I The Secretary-General of the United Nations is designated depositaD of this Prolocol 2 The original of this Prorocol. of uhich the Arabic. Chinese. English. French. Russian and Spanish texrs are equally authentic. shall be deposited uirh the Secretary-General ofthe United Nations. Ir- WITNESS WHEREOF. lhe undersigned plenipotentiaries. bcrng dul) authorized thereto b)' their respeclive Governmenls. ha\e signed lhis Protocol. - 1.1